NH2-terminal Structural Motifs in Staphylokinase Required for Plasminogen Activation

Staphylokinase (Sak) forms an inactive 1:1 stoichiometric complex with plasminogen which requires both conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and hydrolysis of the Lys10-Lys11 peptide bond of Sak to become a potent plasminogen activator (Schlott, B., Guhrs, K.-H., Hartmann, M., Rocker, A., and Collen, D. (1997) J. Biol. Chem.272, 6067–6072). Exposure of a positively charged NH2-terminal amino acid after hydrolysis of Sak is a major determinant of the plasminogen-activating potential, but in itself is neither necessary nor sufficient. Here, the structural motifs of the NH2-terminal region Lys11-Gly-Asp-Asp-Ala-Ser16-Tyr-Phe-Glu of processed Sak, required for plasminogen activating potential, were studied by deletion and substitution mutagenesis. Expression in Escherichia coli of variants with deletion of 11, 14, 15, or 16 NH2-terminal amino acids yielded correctly processed but inactive molecules. Expression of their homologues with the NH2-terminal amino acid substituted with Lys-generated derivatives from which the NH2-terminal initiation Met was no longer removed, yielding inactive (≤ 10%) Sak42DΔN11(M),G12K, active (>50%) Sak42DΔN14(M),A15K and Sak42DΔN15(M),S16K, and inactive Sak42DΔN16(M),Y17K. Lys variants without NH2-terminal Met, generated from fusion proteins in which a His6 tag and a factor Xa recognition sequence were linked to the NH2 terminus of the Sak variants, were indistinguishable from their NH2-terminal Met-containing counterparts. All variants studied had intact affinities for plasminogen as measured by biospecific interaction analysis. The activity of Sak42DΔN11(M),G12K could be restored by additional substitution of both Asp13 and Asp14 with Asn, yielding active Sak42DΔN11(M),G12K, D13N, D14N, whereas substitution in Sak42DΔN16(M),Y17K of Phe18 and Glu19 with Asn yielded inactive Sak42DΔN16(M),Y17K,F18N,E19N. These data, in combination with the recent finding that the 20 NH2-terminal amino acids of Sak lack secondary structure, suggest that the NH2-terminal region of Sak is not required for binding to plasmin/plasminogen, but that a positively charged amino acid in the ultimate or penultimate NH2-terminal position corresponding to amino acids 11–16 of this flexible region participates in the reconfiguration of the active site of the plasmin molecule to endow it with plasminogen-activating potential.