Membrane Docosahexaenoate is Supplied to the Developing Brain and Retina by the Liver

Docosahexaenoic acid [22:6ω 3; 22:6(4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19)] is concentrated in phospholipids of cellular membranes from brain and retina. Although linolenic acid [18:3ω 3; 18:3(9, 12, 15)] is the major ω 3 fatty acid of mouse dams' milk, 22:6 is the prevalent ω 3 fatty acid in serum and tissues. Intraperitoneal injection of [1-14C]18:3 into 3-day-old mouse pups resulted in liver and serum lipid labeling that was initially high, followed by a rapid decline. In contrast, labeling of brain and retinal lipids were initially low and increased with time. Labeled 22:6 first appeared in liver 2 hr after injection and later in brain and retina. We suggest that 22:6 synthesized from 18:3 by the liver is secreted into the bloodstream in lipoproteins, taken up by brain and retina, and incorporated into cell membranes. We hypothesize that the 22:6 requirements of membranes (e.g., during synaptogenesis, photoreceptor membrane biogenesis, or repair after ischemic injury or neurodegenerative disorders) are met by a signal that is sent by the appropriate tissues to the liver to evoke the secretion of 22:6-containing lipoproteins.