Shedding light on rechargeable Na/Cl 2 battery

Advancing new ideas of rechargeable batteries represents an important path to meeting the ever-increasing energy storage needs. Recently, we showed rechargeable sodium/chlorine (Na/Cl ) (or lithium/chlorine Li/Cl ) batteries that used a Na (or Li) metal negative electrode, a microporous amorphous carbon nanosphere (aCNS) positive electrode, and an electrolyte containing dissolved aluminum chloride and fluoride additives in thionyl chloride [G. Zhu , , 525-530 (2021) and G. Zhu , , 22505-22513 (2022)]. The main battery redox reaction involved conversion between NaCl and Cl trapped in the carbon positive electrode, delivering a cyclable capacity of up to 1,200 mAh g (based on positive electrode mass) at a ~3.5 V discharge voltage [G. Zhu , , 525-530 (2021) and G. Zhu , , 22505-22513 (2022)]. Here, we identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that upon charging a Na/Cl battery, chlorination of carbon in the positive electrode occurred to form carbon-chlorine (C-Cl) accompanied by molecular Cl infiltrating the porous aCNS, consistent with Cl probed by mass spectrometry. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction observed the development of graphitic ordering in the initially amorphous aCNS under battery charging when the carbon matrix was oxidized/chlorinated and infiltrated with Cl . The C-Cl, Cl species and graphitic ordering were reversible upon discharge, accompanied by NaCl formation. The results revealed redox conversion between NaCl and Cl , reversible graphitic ordering/amorphourization of carbon through battery charge/discharge, and probed trapped Cl in porous carbon by XPS.