Identification of oncogenes collaborating with p27 Kip1 loss by insertional mutagenesis and high-throughput insertion site analysis

The p27 Kip1 protein is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that blocks cell division in response to antimitogenic cues. p27 expression is reduced in many human cancers, and p27 functions as a tumor suppressor that exhibits haploinsufficiency in mice. Despite the well characterized role of p27 as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, its mechanism of tumor suppression is unknown. We used Moloney murine leukemia virus to induce lymphomas in p27+/+ and p27−/− mice and observed that lymphomagenesis was accelerated in the p27−/− animals. To identify candidate oncogenes that collaborate with p27 loss, we used a high-throughput strategy to sequence 277 viral insertion sites derived from two distinct sets of p27−/− lymphomas and determined their chromosomal location by comparison with the Celera and public (Ensembl) mouse genome databases. This analysis identified a remarkable number of putative protooncogenes in these lymphomas, which included loci that were novel as well as those that were overrepresented in p27−/− tumors. We found that Myc activations occurred more frequently in p27−/− lymphomas than in p27+/+ tumors. We also characterized insertions within two novel loci: ( i ) the Jun dimerization protein 2 gene ( Jundp2 ), and ( ii ) an X-linked locus termed Xpcl1 . Each of the loci that we found to be frequently involved in p27−/− lymphomas represents a candidate oncogene collaborating with p27 loss. This study illustrates the power of high-throughput insertion site analysis in cancer gene discovery.