Interactional aerodynamics and acoustics of a rotor with an airframe in hover

The demand for the development of urban air mobility (UAM) powered by electric systems has been steadily rising across private and public sectors. Most UAM flights incorporate a distributed electric propulsion system to enhance aircraft safety and reliability, which entails an increase in the number of rotors or propellers. Consequently, aerodynamics and aeroacoustics are significantly influenced by strong interactions between the rotor and the airframe. In this study, we conducted a computational investigation to examine the impact of rotor–airframe interaction on aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics. This examination considered variations in airframe shape and the distance between the rotor and airframe. The aerodynamic analysis was executed using the lattice-Boltzmann method simulation, in which acoustic predictions were made using the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings(FW–H) acoustic analogy with a permeable surface. The airframe consists of two geometries: a cylinder and a cone. Tip vortex breakdown and the transition into the turbulent wake state were captured in both airframes, and a fountain flow was affected by the downwash circulation generated under certain proximity of airframe cases. The acoustic prediction results showed that high-intensity noise radiated over the broad surface of the airframe in the conical airframe case. Significant thrust force fluctuations and an increase in noise level were observed at the smallest rotor tip clearance, S / R = − 0.1, compared to the isolated rotor. Furthermore, the noise contribution of the rotor and airframe was compared, revealing that the airframe noise level was even higher than the rotor noise at S / R = − 0.1.