A perspective on modeling pore energy and pulsed electromagnetic field induced cell membrane perforation

Pulsed electric field-induced electroporation has been widely used, but its specific perforation theory has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this Perspective paper takes as a clue the dynamic development relationship between the pore energy and the pore state in cell membranes. First, based on the contribution of line tension, surface tension, steric repulsion, and applied electric field to pore energy, the theoretical models of reversible electroporation of a microsecond pulsed electric field and irreversible electroporation of a high-frequency nanosecond pulsed electric field are reviewed. Then, the contribution of elastic strain energy to pore energy is increased, and the theoretical model of pulsed electric field electroporation considering the mechanical properties of cell membranes is further reviewed. Based on the contribution of magnetic stress generated by the magnetic field and the gradient magnetic field to pore energy, a theoretical model of cell membrane magnetoporation under the action of a pulsed magnetic field is proposed, which lays a theoretical foundation for the popularization and application of non-contact cell membrane perforation technology.