Performance and uniformity of a kilo-pixel array of Ti/Au transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters
Uniform large transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays are fundamental for the next generation of x-ray space observatories. These arrays are required to achieve an energy resolution ΔE < 3 eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the soft x-ray energy range. We are currently developing x-ray microcalo...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Review of scientific instruments 2021-02, Vol.92 (2), p.023101-023101 |
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creator | Taralli, E. D’Andrea, M. Gottardi, L. Nagayoshi, K. Ridder, M. L. de Wit, M. Vaccaro, D. Akamatsu, H. Bruijn, M. P. Gao, J. R. |
description | Uniform large transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays are fundamental for the next generation of x-ray space observatories. These arrays are required to achieve an energy resolution ΔE < 3 eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the soft x-ray energy range. We are currently developing x-ray microcalorimeter arrays for use in the future laboratory and space-based x-ray astrophysics experiments and ground-based spectrometers. In this contribution, we report on the development and the characterization of a uniform 32 × 32 pixel array with 140 × 30 μm2 Ti/Au TESs with the Au x-ray absorber. We report on extensive measurements on 60 pixels in order to show the uniformity of our large TES array. The averaged critical temperature is Tc = 89.5 ± 0.5 mK, and the variation across the array (∼1 cm) is less than 1.5 mK. We found a large region of detector’s bias points between 20% and 40% of the normal-state resistance where the energy resolution is constantly lower than 3 eV. In particular, results show a summed x-ray spectral resolution ΔEFWHM = 2.50 ± 0.04 eV at a photon energy of 5.9 keV, measured in a single-pixel mode using a frequency domain multiplexing readout system developed at SRON/VTT at bias frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 5 MHz. Moreover, we compare the logarithmic resistance sensitivity with respect to temperature and current (α and β, respectively) and their correlation with the detector’s noise parameter M, showing a homogeneous behavior for all the measured pixels in the array. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1063/5.0027750 |
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L. ; de Wit, M. ; Vaccaro, D. ; Akamatsu, H. ; Bruijn, M. P. ; Gao, J. R.</creator><creatorcontrib>Taralli, E. ; D’Andrea, M. ; Gottardi, L. ; Nagayoshi, K. ; Ridder, M. L. ; de Wit, M. ; Vaccaro, D. ; Akamatsu, H. ; Bruijn, M. P. ; Gao, J. R.</creatorcontrib><description>Uniform large transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays are fundamental for the next generation of x-ray space observatories. These arrays are required to achieve an energy resolution ΔE < 3 eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the soft x-ray energy range. We are currently developing x-ray microcalorimeter arrays for use in the future laboratory and space-based x-ray astrophysics experiments and ground-based spectrometers. In this contribution, we report on the development and the characterization of a uniform 32 × 32 pixel array with 140 × 30 μm2 Ti/Au TESs with the Au x-ray absorber. We report on extensive measurements on 60 pixels in order to show the uniformity of our large TES array. The averaged critical temperature is Tc = 89.5 ± 0.5 mK, and the variation across the array (∼1 cm) is less than 1.5 mK. We found a large region of detector’s bias points between 20% and 40% of the normal-state resistance where the energy resolution is constantly lower than 3 eV. In particular, results show a summed x-ray spectral resolution ΔEFWHM = 2.50 ± 0.04 eV at a photon energy of 5.9 keV, measured in a single-pixel mode using a frequency domain multiplexing readout system developed at SRON/VTT at bias frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 5 MHz. Moreover, we compare the logarithmic resistance sensitivity with respect to temperature and current (α and β, respectively) and their correlation with the detector’s noise parameter M, showing a homogeneous behavior for all the measured pixels in the array.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0034-6748</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1089-7623</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1063/5.0027750</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33648117</identifier><identifier>CODEN: RSINAK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Institute of Physics</publisher><subject>Arrays ; Astrophysics ; Bias ; Calorimeters ; Critical temperature ; Energy resolution ; Multiplexing ; Observatories ; Pixels ; Scientific apparatus & instruments ; Sensor arrays ; Soft x rays ; Spectral resolution ; Spectrometers ; X ray spectra</subject><ispartof>Review of scientific instruments, 2021-02, Vol.92 (2), p.023101-023101</ispartof><rights>Author(s)</rights><rights>2021 Author(s). 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R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Performance and uniformity of a kilo-pixel array of Ti/Au transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters</atitle><jtitle>Review of scientific instruments</jtitle><addtitle>Rev Sci Instrum</addtitle><date>2021-02-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>92</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>023101</spage><epage>023101</epage><pages>023101-023101</pages><issn>0034-6748</issn><eissn>1089-7623</eissn><coden>RSINAK</coden><abstract>Uniform large transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays are fundamental for the next generation of x-ray space observatories. These arrays are required to achieve an energy resolution ΔE < 3 eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) in the soft x-ray energy range. We are currently developing x-ray microcalorimeter arrays for use in the future laboratory and space-based x-ray astrophysics experiments and ground-based spectrometers. In this contribution, we report on the development and the characterization of a uniform 32 × 32 pixel array with 140 × 30 μm2 Ti/Au TESs with the Au x-ray absorber. We report on extensive measurements on 60 pixels in order to show the uniformity of our large TES array. The averaged critical temperature is Tc = 89.5 ± 0.5 mK, and the variation across the array (∼1 cm) is less than 1.5 mK. We found a large region of detector’s bias points between 20% and 40% of the normal-state resistance where the energy resolution is constantly lower than 3 eV. In particular, results show a summed x-ray spectral resolution ΔEFWHM = 2.50 ± 0.04 eV at a photon energy of 5.9 keV, measured in a single-pixel mode using a frequency domain multiplexing readout system developed at SRON/VTT at bias frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 5 MHz. 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subjects | Arrays Astrophysics Bias Calorimeters Critical temperature Energy resolution Multiplexing Observatories Pixels Scientific apparatus & instruments Sensor arrays Soft x rays Spectral resolution Spectrometers X ray spectra |
title | Performance and uniformity of a kilo-pixel array of Ti/Au transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters |
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