Experimental and theoretical investigations of a rectangular grating structure for low-voltage traveling wave tube amplifiers

A periodic, rectangular grating slow-wave-structure is considered for forward and backward wave low-voltage (⩽10 kV) Ku-band traveling wave tube (TWT) amplifiers. For forward wave operation, it is required that the ratio of groove depth, d , to grating period, p , be large (i.e. d/p⩾5) while small values of d/p allow backward wave operation. For large d/p , skin effect losses in the grating slots are large and can substantially reduce the growth rate produced by the beam-slow wave interaction. Phase and amplitude measurements of the grating structures utilizing a slotted line and a fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis have been carried out. The results show that the measured dispersion relations for both shallow (d/p= 0.446) and deep groove gratings (d/p= 7.43) agree very well with the theoretical dispersion relations. For amplifier experiments, a round “probe” beam (10 kV, 0.25 A, 1 mm radius) from a Litton Pierce electron gun (model M707) is utilized. The beam is confined by means of a 1 kG focusing solenoidal magnetic field. Tuning curve and single particle backward wave gain measurements are presented and discussed.