Synthesis of SnO 2 for Thermoelectric Applications Using the Hydrothermal, Co-precipitation, and Co-Precipitation Sonication Methods

Tin oxide (SnO 2 ) holds promise in thermoelectric applications. The paper explores the preparation of SnO 2 nanoparticles by employing various methods. Synthesis of SnO 2 material is carried out using a comparison of several methods, including the hydrothermal method, co-precipitation method, and co- precipitation sonication. This comparison aims to identify the most efficient method for SnO 2 synthesis with the best performance in thermoelectric applications. Characterization techniques such as SEM-EDX, XRD, and thermoelectric properties, electrical resistivity, electrical conductivity were utilized. Results obtained in the thermoelectric performance test, specifically electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity, showed a decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature for all three methods. In the hydrothermal method, excessively high temperatures led to difficulties in accurately measuring electrical resistivity. The co- precipitation method proved to be the most effective for SnO 2 synthesis.