Translational paradigm of MXene nanocomposites: biophysical advancements to modern applications

The expanding potential of 2D MXenes opens up promising avenues for flexible biomedical applications. MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional materials with exceptional mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, have garnered attention for their potential to revolutionize healthcare. These properties enable MXenes to interface seamlessly with biological systems, offering innovative diagnostics, therapeutics, and regenerative medicine solutions. In the biomedical domain, MXenes have shown promise in antibacterial applications, drug delivery, biosensing, photothermal therapy, and tissue engineering, and their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization enhance their utility in real-world healthcare settings. Their large surface areas make them ideal for drug delivery systems, enabling precise encapsulation and release of therapeutic molecules. High electrical conductivity of MXenes has opened new possibilities for neuroprosthetics and brain–machine interfaces, potentially restoring lost functions. Their excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance make MXenes promising for durable orthodontic devices. Furthermore, their surface-modification capabilities allow for innovative biosensing and diagnostic platforms for sensitive disease detection. MXenes are compatible with imaging techniques, making them suitable contrast agents that can enhance the resolution of medical imaging. MXenes also hold potential in wearable health monitoring devices, advanced bioelectronics, and smart implants, bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical deployment. However, there are certain challenges regarding their biocompatibility, long-term effects, and large-scale production, which need further research to ensure their safe integration into biomedical applications. This review presents the advancements in the biophysical fabrication of 2D MXenes and their antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility, along with their applications in diagnostics, imaging, biosensing, and therapeutics.