Advancing sustainable end-of-life strategies for photovoltaic modules with silicon reclamation for lithium-ion battery anodes

Solar panels are an ever-growing solution to generate clean energy. Lots of solar panels are popping up on rooftops, next to highways, and in massive solar farms. Unfortunately, all of these solar panels degrade over time and many need to be disposed of once as they reach their 25-year lifespan. However, they are tightly constructed in order to have such a long life, which makes recycling difficult. In addition, the recovered silicon is limited by its purity and cannot be directly reused in solar cells unless it goes through a costly purification process. Thus, it is necessary to explore new applications for recovered silicon, like its use as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Although this alternative avenue has garnered interest, comprehensive studies assessing its feasibility, environmental implications, and influence on the economy and supply chain are sparse. In this study, we offer a holistic overview of the current state of solar panel recycling, critically examine its technical viability, and provide an in-depth analysis of the associated environmental impact and economic and supply chain ramifications. This serves as a foundational guide for shaping future research in solar panel recycling. Upcycling silicon from waste solar panels into Li-ion batteries as anodes is a potential solution to handle the ever-growing solar waste.