An ultra-high output self-managed power system based on a multilayer magnetic suspension hybrid nanogenerator for harvesting water wave energy

Triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerators (TE-HNGs) are promising for efficient energy harvesting, particularly from high-energy-density water waves. However, existing TE-HNGs often suffer from mechanical combinations and lack comprehensive energy optimization strategies, resulting in a suboptimal overall effect where 1 + 1 ≤ 2. Herein, a highly coupled energy self-managed power system (ESPS) is proposed based on our meticulously designed multilayer magnetic suspension hybrid nanogenerator (MS-HNG) with triboelectric and electromagnetic units. Due to voltage phase coherence between the generators, the magnetic suspension electromagnetic generator (MS-EMG) serves as the gate drive source for metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, enabling the instantaneous release of energy from the magnetic suspension triboelectric nanogenerator (MS-TENG) and thereby maximizing energy output within each cycle. The ESPS achieves a peak power of 261.3 mW, a significant improvement over 75.5 mW from the MS-HNG alone, illustrating a synergistic effect where 1 + 1 > 2. Additionally, the ESPS achieves a current of 45 mA (a 7500% increase) and a power density of 631 W m −3 (a 346% increase). In water wave environments, this system can power 32 bulbs of 3 W each and perform water quality monitoring. This work represents a new breakthrough in the structural and circuit coupling of TE-HNGs, marking a milestone towards commercialization.