Dynamic transformation of active sites in energy and environmental catalysis

Active sites play a pivotal role in photo/electrocatalysis, particularly in the transition from fossil fuels to clean, efficient and renewable energy sources. Precise identification of catalyst active sites and understanding of their dynamic transformation are crucial for engineering the activity, selectivity and stability of a catalyst for a specific reaction. Herein, we provide an in-depth and interdisciplinary overview of the recent advancements in dynamic transformation of active sites in photo/electrocatalysis. Firstly, we explore the underlying principles of the dynamic reconstruction, focusing on dynamic transformations in surface structure, composition and properties. Subsequently, advanced operando / in situ characterization for dynamic transformation is summarized, to provide mechanistic insights for the identification of such processes. In order to improve catalytic performance, we discussed comparatively the triggers and the corresponding reaction mechanisms of the dynamic process. Finally, we present an insightful analysis of the challenges and the future prospects for the applications of dynamic transformation of active sites in photo/electrocatalysis. Active sites play a pivotal role in photo/electrocatalysis, particularly in the transition from fossil fuels to clean, efficient and renewable energy sources.