Porphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks for photo(electro)catalytic CO 2 reduction

Amidst the significant challenges posed by global climate change and the need for sustainable resource recycling, there is a pressing demand for the development of new materials that offer high cost-effectiveness, exceptional conversion efficiency, and robust stability to facilitate the conversion of CO 2 into high-value products. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which incorporate versatile porphyrin fragments, have emerged as promising candidates in the realm of photo(electro)catalytic CO 2 reduction. Given their straightforward synthesis, tunable structure, chemical stability, and abundance of active sites, MOFs enriched with specific functional porphyrins can be precisely incorporated through in situ self-assembly or post-synthesis techniques, thereby broadening the scope of design possibilities for porphyrin-based MOFs. This comprehensive review delves into the rational design principles and recent advancements in the utilization of porphyrin-based MOFs for photo(electro)catalytic CO 2 reduction. It elucidates the synthesis methods and CO 2 interaction mechanisms, and delves into the latest research endeavors encompassing catalyst structure optimization, activity enhancement, selectivity control, and other pivotal breakthroughs. Furthermore, it conducts a detailed analysis of the current technical challenges, future trends, and the promising prospects of porphyrin-based MOFs in driving the industrialization of this technology. By offering a thorough theoretical framework and practical insights, this review serves as a valuable resource for enhancing the understanding and application of porphyrin-based MOFs in high-value conversion of CO 2 , thereby paving the way for improved catalytic performance and the successful implementation of this technology.