A novel self-targeting theranostic nanoplatform for photoacoustic imaging-monitored and enhanced chemo-sonodynamic therapy

Sonodynamic therapy has attracted wide attention as a noninvasive therapy due to deep tissue penetration. However, majority sonosensitizers often suffer from poor physiological stability, rapid blood clearance and nonspecific targeting, which seriously hinders their further practical applications. Inspired by the concept of active targeting drug delivery, both dual-functional chemo-drug pemetrexed (PEM, emerges an innate affinity toward the folate receptor) and amphiphilic d -α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) were selected to be covalently linked by an esterase-responsive ester linkage. The synthesized self-targeting TPGS-PEM prodrug and indocyanine green (ICG) as functional motifs can be self-assembled into a TPGS-PEM-ICG nanoplatform within an aqueous medium. The TPGS-PEM-ICG nanoplatform with outstanding structural and physiological stability not only protects the sonosensitizer from reticular endothelial system clearance but also achieves active targeting drug delivery and efficient tumor enrichment. Moreover, TPGS-PEM-ICG nanoplatform can selectively recognize tumor cells and then realize on-demand drug burst release by multiple stimuli of internal lysosomal acidity, esterase and external ultrasound, which guarantee low side effects toward normal tissues and organs. It is also worth noting that our nanoplatform exhibits protruding tumor enrichment under the precise guidance of photoacoustic/fluorescence imaging. Further in vitro and in vivo experimental results well confirmed that the TPGS-PEM-ICG nanoplatform possesses enhanced chemo-sonodynamic effects. Interestingly, the highly toxic reactive oxygen species can remarkably reduce the blood oxygen saturation signal of the tumor microenvironment via precise, multifunctional and high-resolution photoacoustic imaging. Taken together, the TPGS-PEM-ICG nanoplatform can be expected to hold enormous potential for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy for tumor. A novel self-targeting theranostic nanoplatform was developed to deliver sonosensitizers for photoacoustic imaging-monitored and enhanced chemo-sonodynamic therapy.