Improving the hydrothermal stability of zeolite Y by La 3+ cation exchange as a catalyst for the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of levulinic acid

La cation exchange is shown to improve the hydrothermal stability and catalytic activity of bifunctional zeolite Pt/Y catalysts in the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) with formic acid (FA) as hydrogen source. La cation exchange of zeolite Y ( / = 16) was conducted both in aqueous solution and in the solid state. The hydrothermal stability of La -containing zeolite Y probed by exposure to the reaction mixture (0.2 mol L LA, 0.6 mol L FA) at 473 K under autogenous pressure for 24 h improves with increasing La content. The material exhibiting the highest La content (0.5 mmol g ) is the most stable with a preservation of 25% of the initial specific micropore volume after the hydrothermal treatment, whereas unmodified zeolite Y completely loses its microporosity. A new procedure using DRIFTS is a useful supplementary tool for quantifying the framework degradation of Y-type zeolites after hydrothermal treatment. Bifunctional Pt/Y catalysts after La cation exchange are more active than the parent Y-zeolite for the hydrogenation of LA to γ-valerolactone (GVL), with significant enhancements in LA conversion, , 94% 42%, and GVL yield, , 72% 34%., after 24 h.