Catalytic alkylation of unactivated C(sp)-H bonds for C(sp)-C(sp) bond formation

The construction of carbon-carbon bonds is a central tenet of modern synthetic chemistry. Metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization can serve as a particularly powerful tool for achieving carbon-carbon bond formation. This review summarizes the early adventures and recent advancements in catalytic transformation of unactivated C(sp 3 )-H bonds into C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) bonds. To date, three main strategies have emerged to enable this transformation, namely, metallocarbene-triggered C(sp 3 )-H alkylation, auxiliary-directed C(sp 3 )-H alkylation, and photo-induced C(sp 3 )-H alkylation. Compared with traditional cross-coupling reactions having both coupling partners activated with functional groups or base-promoted enolate chemistry, catalytic alkylation of unactivated C(sp 3 )-H bonds for C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) bond formation not only offers novel disconnections in retrosynthetic analysis, but also represents the future trend in green and atom-economic chemistry. This review summarizes recent advancements in catalytic direct transformation of unactivated C(sp 3 )-H bonds into C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) bonds.