Phosphorus and oxygen co-doped composite electrode with hierarchical electronic and ionic mixed conducting networks for vanadium redox flow batteries

The hierarchical electronic and ionic mixed conducting networks build in graphite felt electrodes possess excellent electrocatalytic activity and faster electronic and ionic conduction, resulting in an enhanced energy efficiency of vanadium redox flow batteries with durable life for 1000 cycles and a high discharge capacity of 10.1 A h L −1 at a current density of 350 mA cm −2 . The GF-TCN electrodes with excellent electrocatalytic activity and faster electron/ion conduction indicate outstanding rate capability and energy efficiency of VRFBs.