Surface modification of Nafion membranes by ion implantation to reduce methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cells

The surface of Nafion membranes was modified to reduce methanol crossover by ion implantation with proton ions. The methanol crossover of ion-implanted Nafion membranes was reduced without influencing the other properties including the membrane properties. This simple process could offer advantages for direct methanol fuel cells at high methanol concentrations.