Synthesis and separation of cucurbit[]urils and their derivatives

Cucurbit[ n ]uril chemistry has become an important part of contemporary supramolecular chemistry since cucurbit[ n ]urils (Q[ n ]s) are not only able to encapsulate various guests, but are also capable of coordinating to a wide range of metal ions, leading to the establishment of Q[ n ]-based host-guest chemistry and coordination chemistry. Each of these impressive developments can be attributed to the growth of protocols for obtaining Q[ n ]s. In this review, we survey synthetic procedures for obtaining cucurbit[ n ]urils and their substituted derivatives together with the separation and purification of these remarkable compounds. The coverage is aimed at both existing workers in the field as well as at those requiring an "entry" into Q[ n ]-based research. The synthetic procedures for the preparation, separation and purification of cucurbit[ n ]urils and their substituted derivatives are summarized in this review.