Enhancing the grain size of organic halide perovskites by sulfonate-carbon nanotube incorporation in high performance perovskite solar cells

The grain size of perovskites was enhanced and the grain boundary was filled with sulfonate carbon nanotubes (s-CNTs) during the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite precursor solution spin-coating process with the incorporation of s-CNTs. The performance of s-CNT incorporated perovskite solar cells remarkably increased from 10.3% to 15.1% (best) compared with pristine CNT incorporated perovskite solar cells. Perovskite films with enhanced grain size and reduced grain boundary were obtained with the incorporation of sulfonate-carbon nanotubes.