Highly functionalizable penta-coordinate iron hydrogen production catalysts with low overpotentials

Penta-coordinate iron carbonyl complexes that are built around the rigid Fe(PNP) motif (PNP = (C 6 H 5 ) 2 PN(R)P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 ) are synthesized and structurally and spectroscopically characterized. These complexes allow for facile customization of the secondary ligand sphere with various types of linkers and functional groups. The new [Fe(S 2 C 6 H 4 )(PNP)(CO)] complexes show dihydrogen production electrocatalysis at overpotentials of 0.09-0.21 V vs. Pt under mildly acidic conditions (and activities from 0.28 to 3.51 s −1 ). The most active compound exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) of 3.51 s −1 at an overpotential of only 0.15 V vs. Pt. Trends in activity are further analyzed. It is found that (a) a decrease in overpotential correlates strongly with the electron withdrawing strength of the PNP amine substituent, and (b) aliphatic substituents give comparatively higher TOFs than aromatic ones. An EC-type mechanism is shown to proceed by initial reduction of the Fe II metal center and proposed formation of an Fe III hydride intermediate. Analogous cobalt compounds were synthesized and characterized, but were found to have low stability in acidic media under turnover conditions, and hence, are unsuitable as catalysts for proton reduction. Penta-coordinate iron complexes with 'PNP' diphosphine ligands, [Fe(S 2 C 6 H 4 )((C 6 H 5 ) 2 PN(R)P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 )CO], all air-stable Fe II compounds, show electrocatalytic H 2 production at low overpotentials ( η = 0.09-0.21 V vs. Pt). These catalysts utilize an EC mechanism, where one-electron reduction triggers protonation by weak acids.