Chemical Interaction of Oxides with Metals at High Temperatures

Studies were made on the chemical reactions between highly refractory oxides and metals in the temperature range 1000-1600 deg C to determine the conditions necessary for controlling the amount, distribution, activity, and other properties of different forms of hydrogen bonding. The complex combinations investigated include: Ce, Al; Mn, Ni, Fe;O, N, H; and Ti Mg; Nb Bi, Mo, Sn;O C H, together with additions and impurities including Si S Cl and V Cr Sb. The role of nonmetals such as N, S, Cl, and C, and particular combinations of these, is to modify the structural and exchange characteristics. In addition, silicon influences the hydrogen behavior and in conjunction with other metals and non-metals may take part in a chemical grouping designed to control region or domains of hydrogen behavior in the solid. One important example of a structural deviation occurring in simpler compounds was found in cerium hydrogen oxysulfide. A change in the form of the hydrogen bonding is suggested that does not occur in the Se, though the same result was obtained with the corresponding deuterium compound; Nd behaves similarly. With Y, a similar change was only found in the selenide. (P.C.H.)