Application of a Multiple Time Step Algorithm to Biomolecular Systems

Herein we describe the implementation of the multiple time step method, in conjunction with a reversible integrator and the Nosé−Hoover chain method for temperature and pressure control, into ROAR 1.0. We have extensively tested the MTS method on three systems: an antifreeze peptide in water, the organic solvent dimethylformamide (DMF), and a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)-based lipid bilayer. From these test simulations, we observe that the MTS method was capable of producing stable trajectories even when a long time step (e.g., 8 fs) is used, while the SHAKE method was unable to do so. The SHAKE method also disturbs the bond vibrational motion while MTS algorithm does not when the time step was smaller than 5 fs. We also observe that we can conservatively obtain a 2.5-fold speed-up using the MTS method over a SHAKE simulation using a 1 fs time step. Overall, the MTS method gives a solid speed-up over the traditional SHAKE method, while simultaneously giving much more stable trajectories.