Ab Initio Simulation of Carbon Clustering on an Ni(111) Surface:  A Model of the Poisoning of Nickel-Based Catalysts

In this work, we studied the poisoning of a nickel surface due to carbon. Performing ab initio simulations, within the framework of density functional theory, we computed the surface energy of the nickel (111) surface as a function of carbon coverage. On the basis of these results, we can assert that the stable state of the nickel/carbon surface is either a clean nickel surface or a fully carbon-covered nickel surface, which has a graphitic configuration. The relative stability of the two states depends on the temperature and partial pressure of the carbon gas. At fixed nominal carbon coverage, the most stable configurations are those forming carbon clusters. However, the nickel sites hosting these clusters change from hexagonal close packed/face centered cubic (hcp/fcc) sites to on-top sites when going toward larger clusters. This indicates that poisoning due to graphitic patches occurs on on-top sites.