Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of New Glycosides of Epipodophyllotoxin, Analogues of Etoposide, and NK 611

A series of 3-amino- and 3-alkylamino-2-deoxy-β-d-ribo- and β-d-arabino-glycosides of 4‘-demethylepipodophyllotoxin have been synthesized by means of an improved trimethylsilyliodide procedure for the podophyllotoxin-4‘-demethylepipodophyllotoxin conversion, an efficient and high yielding synthesis of silyl glycoside donors of 3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-β-d-ribo- and β-d-arabino-hexopyranosides and stereoselective glycosylations. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxic effects against murine L1210 leukemia critically demonstrates the essential role played by a 4,6-acetal for biological activity. Among the most cytotoxic compounds, 3-amino-2,3-dideoxy- and 3-N,N-(dimethylamino)-2,3-dideoxy etoposide analogues, 17 and 27−29 are at least as potent as etoposide on the in vivo P388 (iv/ip) murine leukemia models. However, surprisingly enough, none of these compounds inhibits the human DNA topoisomerases I or II or binds to tubulin to prevent its polymerization and microtubule assembly. Therefore, their mechanism of action remains to be cleared up.