Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate Foliar Dislodgeable Residues to Two Beneficial Insects

The persistence and residual contact toxicity of foliar dislodgeable emamectin benzoate residues to Apis mellifera (L.) and Diglyphus isaea (Walker) were studied following applications to foliage at maximum anticipated labeled use rate (0.0168 kg of active ingredient/ha). Bee mortality from contact exposure to dislodgeable alfalfa residues aged for 3, 8, and 24 h was 100, 46, and 3%, respectively. This contact toxicity was directly correlated with the magnitude of dislodgeable residues (9.1, 3.6, and 1.3 ng/cm2, respectively), with a dissipation half-life of about 10 h. Similarly, D. isaea mortality from contact exposure to dislodgeable residues aged for 0.5, 1.0, 3.5, 35, and 60 h was 75, 65, 50, 20, and 15%, respectively; these residues (5.2, 5.0, 4.5, 1.4, and