Antibodies with Broad Specificity to Azaspiracids by Use of Synthetic Haptens

The development of general, sensitive, portable, and quantitative assays for the azaspiracid (AZA) class of marine toxins is urgently needed. Use of a synthetic hapten containing rings F−I of AZA to generate antibodies that cross-react with the AZAs via their common C28−C40 domain and use of these antibodies in ELISA and immunoaffinity columns are reported. This approach has many advantages over using intact azaspiracids (AZAs) derived from environmental samples or total synthesis as haptens for antibody development. A derivative of the levorotatory C28−C40 azaspiracid domain (1) was synthesized efficiently using a one-pot Staudinger reduction/intramolecular aza-Wittig reaction−imine capture sequence to form the H−I ring spiroaminal and a double intramolecluar hetero-Michael addition to assemble the F−G ring ketal. Conjugation of the hapten 1 to cBSA and immunization in sheep generated antibodies that recognized and bound to ovalbumin-conjugated 1 in the absence of AZA1. This binding was inhibited by 1 in a concentration-dependent manner. A mixture of AZA1, AZA2, AZA3, and AZA6 caused a degree of inhibition of antibody binding consistent with its total AZA content, rather than just its content of AZA1. This result suggests that the antibodies also have a similar affinity for AZA2, AZA3, and AZA6 as they do for AZA1 and that such antibodies are suitable for analysis of AZAs in shellfish samples.