Trends in Research and Development for CO 2 Capture and Sequestration

Technological and medical advances over the past few decades epitomize human capabilities. However, the increased life expectancies and concomitant land-use changes have significantly contributed to the release of ∼830 gigatons of CO into the atmosphere over the last three decades, an amount comparable to the prior two and a half centuries of CO emissions. The United Nations has adopted a pledge to achieve "net zero", i.e., yearly removing as much CO from the atmosphere as the amount emitted due to human activities, by the year 2050. Attaining this goal will require a concerted effort by scientists, policy makers, and industries all around the globe. The development of novel materials on industrial scales to selectively remove CO from mixtures of gases makes it possible to mitigate CO emissions using a multipronged approach. Broadly, the CO present in the atmosphere can be captured using materials and processes for biological, chemical, and geological technologies that can sequester CO while also reducing our dependence on fossil-fuel reserves. In this review, we used the curated literature available in the CAS Content Collection to present a systematic analysis of the various approaches taken by scientists and industrialists to restore carbon balance in the environment. Our analysis highlights the latest trends alongside the associated challenges.