Sustainable Cathodic Performances of VS 4 in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries by Cobalt Substitution

Vanadium tetrasulfide (VS ) is one of the most promising cathodic materials for rechargeable magnesium battery systems (RMBSs). Elemental substitution to expand layers, creation of sulfur vacancies, and reduction of particle sizes of VS are undoubtedly effective strategies to enhance cathodic performances. Experimental and DFT analysis revealed that valence states of vanadium and cobalt have been elevated from V to V and Co to Co in VS and that the Co-S bond length shortened due to cobalt substitution, which resulted in enhanced overall internal polarization in the layered atomic structure of VS by increasing cobalt concentrations. This phenomenon of charge accumulation contributes toward regulated magnesiation and accommodated volume expansion while cycling, resulting in the enormous structural stability of VS and sustainable battery performance during a long and stable cycling at a cost of 20% capacity diminution as compared to pristine VS in RMBS. Hence, 9% CoVS demonstrated a capacity of 158 mAh g at a current density of 500 mA g with approximately 98% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. Sustainable cathodic performance is the most desirous feature for commercialization. This work provides insight realization regarding structural limitations and opportunities of VS for sustainable cathodic performances in RMBS with non-nucleophilic 0.25 mol/L (R-PhOMgCI) -A1Cl /THF (PMC) electrolyte and has laid a theoretical plus experimental foundation for future developments.