Insight into the Coprecipitation-Controlled Crystallization Reaction for Preparing Lithium-Layered Oxide Cathodes

The nucleation and growth of spherical Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2(OH)(2) agglomerates using the hydroxide coprecipitation (HCP) method in the presence of ammonia is investigated through chemical equilibrium calculations and experiments. In the nucleation stage, the transition metal ions in the salt solution gradually complete the nucleation reaction in the diffusion process from pH 5.4 to 11 after dropping into the continuously stirred tank reactor, and then Me(NH3)(n)(2+) and Me(OH)(2)(s) (Me: Ni, Co, and Mn) reach a dynamic precipitation dissolution equilibrium. In the growth stage, the concentration ratio of Me(NH3)(n)(2+) and OH- (complexation and precipitation, R-c/p) in the solution has an important influence on obtaining high-quality materials, which is further confirmed using the first principles density functional theory calculations on surface energy and adsorption energy. Then, the HCP reaction could be divided into three parts through experiments: incomplete precipitation area (R-c(/)p > 10.1); time-dependent area (R-c/p, = 0.1-10.1); and hard-to-control area (R-c(/)p