Conjugation of a Scintillator Complex and Gold Nanorods for Dual-Modal Image-Guided Photothermal and X‑ray-Induced Photodynamic Therapy of Tumors

Light-mediated therapy has many unique merits but monotherapy strategies rarely completely inhibit tumor growth because resistance often develops. Combination therapy is a promising strategy in oncology and has demonstrated superior safety and efficacy over monotherapy. Here, we conjugated a scintillator complex and gold nanorod nanosensitizer for dual-modal image-guided photothermal and X-ray-induced photodynamic therapy (PDT). Lanthanide complexes were successfully conjugated and offer excellent X-ray-excited optical luminescence for PDT effects. The strong near-infrared (NIR) light and X-ray absorption abilities of gold nanorods make the nanosensitizer function as both a photothermal agent for photothermal therapy and a radiosensitizer for enhanced radiotherapy. The studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that the nanosensitizer offers good dual-modal imaging capability and significantly suppresses tumor progression under NIR light and X-ray irradiation. This work shows the great potential of conjugating scintillator lanthanide complexes and gold nanosensitizers for multimodal image-guided therapy of deep-seated tumors.