Copper-Mediated C–X Functionalization of Aryl Halides

For more than a century, copper has been used as a promoter in cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides with diverse nucleophiles to construct C–C and C-heteroatom bonds. The discovery of rate acceleration effect of organic ligands has expanded the scope of copper catalysis, facilitating to conduct new reactions under ambient conditions, allowing the selective C–X functionalization of aryl halides with diverse sensitive functionalities in a single step. This review confers the advancements in copper-mediated direct transformation of aryl halides in to trifluoromethylated arenes, aryl nitriles, phenols, aryl thiols, anilines, and nitroarenes and also the mechanistic aspects of these reactions.