A Simplified Approach for the Aqueous Synthesis of Luminescent CdSe/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dots and Their Applications in Ultrasensitive Determination of the Biomarker 3‑Nitro‑l‑tyrosine

In contrast to the hot-injection organometallic routes, synthesizing stable and highly luminescent core/shell nanocrystals with encapsulation of biocompatible groups through an aqueous route is a long-standing challenge. In recent years, relatively high quantum efficiency and unique properties of core/shell nanostructured materials (quantum dots) have contributed toward enhancement in sensing capability. The present work reports a facile aqueous synthesis process of core/shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with encapsulation of glutathione (GSH). The optimal conditions for the synthesis of the most stable particles were ascertained, and the different experimental analyses suggest that the stable core/shell QDs in question have good crystallinity with a size around 4.7 nm with a shell thickness of 0.7 nm and a photoluminescence quantum yield of about 35%. Further, it is demonstrated that the as-synthesized material has great potential in detecting as low as 0.28 nM 3-nitro-l-tyrosine (3-NT), an important marker for oxidative stress, the level of which in our body signals several chronically diseased conditions. The enthalpy-driven interactions of CdSe/ZnS-GSH QDs with 3-NT were characterized through steady-state and time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy and isothermal microcalorimetry. The devised method of probing 3-NT was further validated with human serum samples. Thus, the proposed strategy may provide a protocol for selective determination of 3-NT under different pathological conditions.