Molecularization of Foam-Active Saponins from Sugar Beet Side Streams (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. altissima)

This work focuses on the isolation and characterization of saponins with a very low bitter intensity originating from sustainable plant materials, in particular the sugar beet pulp by-product stream. Via a concise foam activity screening of saponin-containing materials, which gives indications for their emulsifying ability, sugar beet root extract was selected and examined for low bitter saponins by means of activity guided fractionation. Individual saponins were isolated from sugar beet pulp, which was identified as the most convenient sugar beet saponin source. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy led to the unequivocal identification of the major, slightly bitter tasting compounds as a series of eight saponins. The complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR signals for several saponins was carried out for the first time. A small-scale foam activity assay was established and applied to a broad spectrum of the isolated and commercially available saponins. Additionally, orosensory recognition thresholds were determined. Not only high recognition thresholds were determined (thresholds >1000 μmol/L) but also fundamental information about the foaming behavior of mono- and bidesmosidic saponins was collected. The obtained results are relevant to the utilization of saponins from other plant materials or by-product streams and for the use of sugar beet saponins as food additives.