Bioinspired Matrix Vesicles Based on Platelet Membrane for Biomineralization of Dentin Tubules

Matrix vesicles (MVs), a kind of extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, play an important role in the initial stage of hard tissue mineralization. Acidic phospholipids and functional membrane proteins which are embedded into the membrane surface of MVs provide mineral nucleation sites and regulate mineral ions for facilitating biomineralization. Here, we report the MVs-mimic nanovesicles prepared from natural platelet membrane fragments. The bioinspired nanovesicles can penetrate into the deep dentinal tubule due to their stable nanostructure, and provide nucleation sites and templates for nascent mineral crystals. Meanwhile, the acidic phospholipids on the nanovesicle surface can recruit mineral ions from the environment to effectively promote biomineralization in situ. On the other hand, proteins on the surface of the nanovesicles can promote collagen cross-linking to inhibit the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen, and further protect this mineralization template. The newly formed minerals can effectively seal the dentinal tubules, and even the sealing depth can reach 60 μm. This strategy uses “artificial MVs” derived from platelet membranes for the biomineralization of dentin, bringing new prospects for hard tissue repair in clinical practice.