A Review of the Mechanisms and Control Technologies of Coal and Gas Outbursts: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Coal and gas outbursts (called outbursts for short) pose severe risks to the safety of underground personnel, and preventing these incidents remains a global challenge. To enhance long-distance prediction accuracy, improve permeability measures for effective outburst control, and achieve precise prevention strategies, this study reviews the development of outburst mechanisms. It focuses particularly on monitoring, early warning, and key technologies based on geophysical methods. The analysis provides a summary of regional and localized prevention methods, detailing their principles, applicable scopes, strengths, weaknesses, and current research status. Findings indicate low accuracy in monitoring data and frequent false alarms, underscoring the urgent need to establish more comprehensive theory and technology systems for outburst prevention. In response, this study suggests a future direction: developing coupled disaster models suited for deep, complex, and heterogeneous strata, replacing empirical indicators with theoretical indicators, and refining these indicators based on specific coal seam characteristics. Additionally, we recommend enhancing the precision detection of small structures, identifying high-stress areas, and standardizing extraction evaluation protocols. By integrating digital twin technology with numerical simulations for real-time monitoring of complex physical fields, we aim to enable advanced early warning systems for outbursts.