Flexible and adaptive coherent PON for next-generation optical access network [Invited]

•Recent advances of flexible C-PON in terms of access speed, architecture and deployment scenarios are reviewed and discussed in this paper.•Different schemes to achieve adaptive coherent access speed, including adaptive baud rate, adaptive modulation orders, multidimensional modulation, and adaptive probabilistic shaping, are discussed.•Adaptive modulation formats based on constellation probabilistic shaping is highlighted to realize fine granularity of information rate and wide flexibility.•We have also discussed the flexible multiplexing schemes beyond TDM, to take the full advantages of coherent access.•A two-dimensional hybrid multiple-access based on TFDM scheme for flexible PON are introduced and highlighted.•Finally, we analyze the flexible deployment scenarios under the large power budgets thanks to coherent detection. With the official adoption of the single-wavelength 50G PON standard at the International Telecommunication Union Study Group 15 (ITU-T SG15) meeting, both industry and academia have started extensive research on the next-generation optical access network beyond 50G. It is envisioned that 100G and 200G per wavelength and even beyond will be required in the next-generation optical access network to support the continuously growing bandwidth demands. Coherent passive optical network (C-PON), which is based on multi-access coherent optics and digital signal processing (DSP), appears to be a promising candidate for future 100/200G and even beyond single-wavelength PON, thanks to its superior sensitivity compared with current direct-detection based PONs. Actually, multi-access coherent optics brings many benefits to the optical access network beyond the improvement of sensitivity. In this invited paper, we review recent studies and progress on the flexible C-PON for optical access network in terms of access speed, multiple-access architecture, and deployment scenarios. Rate-adaptive coherent access is first introduced in this paper as a promising solution to achieve flexible C-PON. Adaptive modulation formats based on constellation shaping is highlighted to realize fine granularity of information rate and wide flexibility. We have also discussed the flexible multiplexing schemes beyond TDM, to take the full advantages of coherent access. Finally, we analyze the flexible deployment scenarios under the large power budgets thanks to coherent detection. All these flexibilities provided by coherent access would be interesting and beneficial i