Functionalized nanomaterials in separation and analysis of extracellular vesicles and their contents

Extracellular vesicles are closely related to most of physiological and pathological events in organisms, and can be applied as therapeutic targets or disease indicators. Whereas the complex physiological environment where they face makes it difficult to conduct direct analysis. In order to solve this problem, many efforts have been made during the past years, among which nanomaterials attract much attention because of their outstanding flexibility in preparation and operation. This article reviews the recent progress of nanomaterials in the separation and analysis of extracellular vesicles, focusing on the applications of nanomaterials in the enrichment of extracellular vesicles and their contents. Also, some tips for exosome separation and analysis are briefly suggested. [Display omitted] •Applications of nanomaterials in separation and analysis of bulk EV are reviewed.•Applications of nanomaterials in EV separation and analysis at single EV level are reviewed.•Applications of nanomaterials in separation and analysis of EV contents are reviewed.