Rapid hematocrit estimation using a fold-crease induced fast flowing paper sensor
Increased evaporative losses and flow obstructions can present substantial impediments to current paper analytical devices (µPADs) for efficient on-site testing of biological fluids. Strategic enhancements in wicking rates of paper may thereby counter these limitations and enable on-demand healthcar...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical Chemical, 2024-11, Vol.418, p.136177, Article 136177 |
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Sprache: | eng |
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Zusammenfassung: | Increased evaporative losses and flow obstructions can present substantial impediments to current paper analytical devices (µPADs) for efficient on-site testing of biological fluids. Strategic enhancements in wicking rates of paper may thereby counter these limitations and enable on-demand healthcare monitoring. Therefore, herein we have leveraged the features of paper fold-crease regions and developed a novel fast-flowing platform using laser printing to accelerate fluid flow through paper. A series of extensive experiments have been conducted to optimize the design and maximize wicking rates of µPADs for smaller liquid volumes, making it well-suited for analysing biofluids. The investigation delves into structural alterations within the creased regions, employing both static and dynamic force application strategies. A first-generation Washburn type model in excellent agreement with the experimental findings is developed, providing a comprehensive insight into the fundamental physics involved. Finally, the folded channels are utilized for a distance-based hematocrit sensor employing grade-1 filter paper at very low-cost, simplified fabrication, lesser sample volume and faster analysis. The findings of this work unveil a plethora of potentialities for employing paper and paper folds to develop affordable medical devices with advanced analytical functionalities, specifically tailored for the resource-constrained settings.
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•An innovative method to accelerate smaller fluid volumes is proposed by exploiting fold and creased areas of paper.•Mathematical model modifying Lucas-Washburn equation is developed providing insights into physics of rapid flow.•Developed devices are employed for accurately measuring blood hematocrit at significantly low cost and testing time.•The devices precisely differentiate Hct ranges with 90.74 % sensitivity when validated with a commercial haematocytometer. |
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ISSN: | 0925-4005 1873-3077 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.snb.2024.136177 |