New approaches with ATR-FTIR, SEM, and contact angle measurements in the adaptation to extreme conditions of some endemic Gypsophila L. taxa growing in gypsum habitats

[Display omitted] •Gypsophila eriocalyx Boiss., Gypsophila germanicopolitana Hub.-Mor. and Gypsophila simonii Hub.-Mor., grow in gypsum habitats, and are hence adapted to extreme conditions.•ATR-FTIR results of Gypsophila taxa are presented for the first time in this study.•The hydrophobicity of Gypsophila taxa is compatible with the leaf microstructures.•We have developed new approaches to interpret adaptation to extreme conditions in gypsum habitats. Gypsophila L. taxa growing on gypsum soils have to withstand limiting and restrictive conditions for plant life. This study aims to identify functional mechanisms determine the main functional groups in the vegetative and reproductive organs of some endemic Gypsophila taxa growing in gypsum soils, as well as to understand the relationship between the hidrophobicities and their micromorphological structures of the leaves of these plants grown in arid conditions. In this context, a series of Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), water contact angle (CA) measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed that may help to understand the survival mechanisms of Gypsophila eriocalyx Boiss., Gypsophila germanicopolitana Hub.-Mor. and Gypsophila simonii Hub.-Mor. growing in gypsum habitats. Our results showed the presence of O-H and C-O stretching bands belong to gypsum and calcium oxalate in the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of Gypsophila taxa is thought to be a way of tolerating the excess Ca and sulphate in the extreme habitat where these species grow. Leaves of Gypsophila taxa showed CAs above 90°, which indicates that G. eriocalyx, G. germanicopolitana, and G. simonii were hydrophobic. This study offers new approaches to understanding the adaptation of Gypsophila taxa to the extreme conditions typical of gypsum soils. The characterization of gypsum plants such as Gypsophila taxa, whose mechanisms for competition and survival on gypsum are still not fully understood, is very important in terms of shedding light on the adaptation of endemic plants to gypsum habitats.