LANDSAT 8 LST Pan sharpening using novel principal component based downscaling model

The panchromatic (PAN) band is accessible at a much higher spatial resolution than the thermal infrared (TIR) band in remote sensing satellites. To mitigate this issue, current research proposes a fusion method based on principal components of PAN and TIR band pairs to enhance the spatial resolution of Land surface temperature (LST) images. In this research, LANDSAT-8 LST images of 100 m resolution have been downscaled to 15 m resolution by the Novel principal component (NPC) based downscaling model. The downscaled LST image's thermal values have been cross-verified by in situ thermal points collected by the thermal data logger and image quality indices. The results have shown the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.51–0.92 for downscaled LST image from 100m to 15m resolution. The correlation between downscaled LST and ground truth points is between 0.54 and 0.83. The proposed NPC-based LST-PAN combination technique collects spatial details of the Earth's surface from PAN data as well as indulges thermal information of TIR image. The proposed fusion technique has upgraded the spatial goal and peculiarity of TIR images data set. The higher spatial resolution of thermal images can increase the level of precision in various remote sensing applications. These improved data sets can be used in a variety of applications, including urban heat island mapping, agricultural crop monitoring, forest fire detection, and hydrological modeling, to name a few. The increased spatial resolution provided by NPC fusion results in more accurate and consistent temperature readings, leading to improved decision-making and management in these and other applications.