The last two glacial cycles in central Patagonia: A precise record from the Ñirehuao glacier lobe

Milankovitch orbital parameters control cycles of insolation, a primary pacer of long term changes in climate, but exactly how insolation signals are transmitted around the globe in the climate system is unclear. In order to address the fundamental questions of when and how ice age climates begin and end, how fast glaciers retreated during the last deglaciation, and how glaciers behaved before anthropogenic influence, we need robust glacial chronologies. The timing of local glacial maxima beyond the last glacial cycle, however, has remained largely unconstrained due to moraine degradation over time, limiting our ability to fully explore these questions. By developing a detailed geomorphic surficial map and targeting relatively tall, ridge-top boulders, we have constructed a new, precise 10Be chronology of glacial maxima of the Ñirehuao glacier lobe (45°S) for the last two glacial cycles. We report one of the first directly dated records of a MIS 6 glacier advance in Patagonia, which formed a major set of moraines by at least 153 ± 5.1 ka, with a stillstand or smaller readvance by 137 ± 4.2 ka, corresponding to the two coldest and dustiest periods of MIS 6 in Antarctica. The next largest advance occurred at 23.6 ± 0.9 ka, at the end of peak Southern Hemisphere MIS 2 cooling. Retreat of the glacier commenced by ∼18.5 cal ka BP when lakes in a tributary valley just to the southwest became ice-free. Overall we find that advances of the Ñirehuao glacier lobe occur when winter sea ice around Antarctica is expansive and both obliquity and eccentricity are at their minima. •We present a new, detailed geomorphic map and 10Be chronology of the Ñirehuao glacier lobe for the last two glacial cycles•We report one of the first directly dated records of a MIS 6 glacier advance in Patagonia•The Ñirehuao glacier lobe formed a major set of moraines by 153±5.1 ka with a stillstand or smaller readvance by 137±4.2 ka•The MIS 2 glacial maximum occurred at 23.6±0.9 ka and subsequent retreat of the glacier commenced by ∼18.5 cal ka BP•Overall, advances occurred when winter sea ice around Antarctica was expansive and obliquity and eccentricity were at minima