Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Northern Chah-Farsakh Cu-Zn VMS-type deposit, Iran: Constraints from geology, geochemistry, fluid inclusions and geodynamic

[Display omitted] •Northern Chah-Farsakh is hosted by Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian mafic (basaltic andesitic)-siliciclastic rocks.•Leaching of the footwall volcanic rocks are the primary sources of metals in this deposit.•The Northern Chah-Farsakh Cu-Zn deposit is a well-preserved mafic-siliciclastic type (Besshi-type) VMS deposit. Northern Chah-Farsakh is the first seafloor VMS described in the Torud-Chahshirin metallogenic belt of Iran. The deposit is hosted by Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian mafic (basaltic andesitic)-siliciclastic rocks in volcano-sedimentary basin. The evolution of the ore-bearing basin is governed by the Proto-Tethys Oceanic crust subduction beneath the Central Iranian microcontinent. Three ore facies can be distinguished based on the ore textures studies: stringer zone ore facies, massive-replacement ore facies, bedded ore and distal facies. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and sphalerite are the main minerals, together with minor amounts of pyrrhotite, bornite, tetrahedrite and tennantite. Textures include laminated, banded, replacement, massive, and vein-veinlet texture. There is a distinct metal zonation in the massive sulfide orebody; Gold, Ag, and Zn contents increase vertically from the stringer to the bedded ore facies; Cu and Co increase in the massive ore facies, and Pb is highest in the stringer zone. Ore mineralization in the Northern Chah-Farsakh deposit has emplaced in two stages. The fine-grained ore bands (stage 1) which are intricately interlayered with host rock beds, exhibit sedimentary structure such as laminae and bedding are consistent with a syn-sedimentary origin. Coarser-grained stage 2 ores have massive and vein-veinlet textures that are considered to form by replacement during sub-seafloor fluid flow. Based on SEM-EDS analysis, significant compositional variations were observed in the Py-1b grains. Py-1b is enriched in Pb compared to Py-1a. The elemental distribution map shows that the chalcopyrite (Cpy-2) minerals in Northern Chah-Farsakh deposit do not have variable composition and are homogeneous. Fluid inclusions in quartz minerals rom the footwall stringer zone have trapping temperatures between 203 and 500 °C with salinities (3.39–16 wt% NaCl equiv.) higher than modern seawater. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that the ore-forming fluids were derived from seawater. High level of Se in the massive ore facies of the Northern Chah-Farsakh supports the formation of mineralization from a high-temperature hyd