Neuroinflammation in CNS diseases: Molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of plant derived bioactive molecules

Over the past decades, evidences have consistently shown that Neuroinflammation is a critical underlying process in a range of CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, depression, sleep disorders, and stroke. Thus prevention of Neuroinflammation represents one of the most important goals in the treatment of these disorders. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in different CNS disorders are not fully understood. Here, I review recent literature data on the mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in different CNS diseases and the role of plant-derived bioactive molecules in attenuating Neuroinflammation in these diseases. Research data indicate that CNS diseases are triggered by different pathological factors, which signal downstream, activating the NF-κB and NLRP3-inflammasome. Though CNS diseases have distinct pathophysiology, some tend to share similar neuropathogenic pathways. Notably, the neuroinflammatory sequelae of diabetes types I, II and III particularly appear to resemble critical aspects of the neuropathogenic pathways in multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting that MS may be type 4 diabetes. Dozens of plant-derived chemicals have been identified to inhibit the molecular pathways of inflammation in CNS disorders. Scientific investigation on the molecular imprints of CNS inflammation and the ameliorative effects of phytochemicals is a promising research-arena that may lead to identification of novel therapies for CNS diseases.