Organic geochemical evaluation of Cretaceous Talhar Shale for shale oil and gas potential from Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan

A decline in conventional petroleum reserves has resulted in the study of unconventional reservoirs. Techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing, permit new types of reservoirs to be developed. Organically rich shales are the prime horizons for the exploration and development of unconventional oil/gas. The Talhar Shale is a unit of the Lower Goru Formation (Cretaceous), mainly composed of dark grey-black shale with minor siltstone and sandstone. In the study area, the Talhar Shale is 70–90 m thick. This research primarily focuses on the geochemical evaluation of the Talhar Shale to evaluate its shale oil and gas potential by using total organic carbon, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vitrinite reflectance, and maceral analysis. Talhar Shale has moderate to good hydrocarbon potential (0.43–10.73 mg HC/g rock). The laboratory results of the TOC reveals a good match with the Δlog R technique relative to the CARBOLOG technique. Biomarker data of the studied samples exhibit the dominance of C19 tricyclic terpanes, C30 pentacyclic triterpanes, and C27 steranes. Maturity parameters (Tmax, and vitrinite reflectance) suggest that the Talhar Shale is thermally peak-late mature, consistent with biomarker maturity parameters (steranes and hopanes). Oxic environmental conditions prevailed during the deposition of these Cretaceous sediments, and the organic matter was mainly mixed (primarily derived from terrigenous sources). This interpretation is based on various biomarker criteria, e.g., elevated Pr/Ph values, a large amount of C24TeT comparative to C23 TT, the lower amounts of C29/C30 17α(H)-hopane, etc. Organic petrographic analysis exhibits vitrinite as the dominant maceral group. However, solid bitumen, inertinite, and liptinite macerals were also observed. The van Krevelen diagram and the HI vs. Tmax indicate the presence of mixed type II/III kerogen. Various geochemical parameters, e.g., Tmax, n-alkanes carbon preference index (CPI), sterane parameters (20S/20S + 20R, ββ/ββ+αα), and the hopane Ts/(Ts + Tm) and C31 22S/(22S + 22R) suggest the orgaic matter (OM) in Talhar Shale is thermally mature. Based on XRD, the Cretaceous Talhar Shale contains a high percentage of quartz. Additionally, the crossplot between TOC and quartz content displays a positive association that suggests the quartz content in Talhar Shale might be from the biogenic origin, which supports a brittle nature and could be favorable for