An overview on patterns, monitoring, and modeling of the urban climate changes

The various notions of urbanization, indicators of the urban climate, and air quality are described in this article. Urban air quality management and haphazard planning have an impact on climate change at the regional and global levels. The influence of urbanization, its trends, changes in land use patterns, and indicators of climate change are revised in sections of the literature review. Urban dynamics have an impact on microclimate, hence micro-meteorology and air quality are connected. The impact of changing land use patterns, thermal characteristics of surface materials, urban heat island (UHI) intensity, and emission sources that affect microclimate have all been discussed. Prediction models and their drawbacks, such as the effects of urban climate change, weather, and the dispersion of air pollution. A scenario on urban land use patterns, its effects on the climate, weather, and air quality, as well as a description of the relevant models, are presented in an in-depth review. [Display omitted] •Comprehensive Exploration of Urbanization and Climate.•Urban planning and development with urbanization, microclimate, and air quality.•Unpacking the Urban Heat Island Effect.•Models and their limits for urban climate change.