Temporal and spatial variations of groundwater quantity and quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in the arid and hot weather of Southern Iran

Groundwater provides a reliable water supply of fresh water worldwide for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes, especially in areas where surface water is scarce or unreliable, making it an essential resource for human and economic development. Proper management and protection of groundwater resources are crucial to ensure their sustainability and continued contribution to fulfilling the growing water demand worldwide. This study focused on the quantitative and qualitative changes in groundwater in the Kahoorestan Plain, located northwest of the Persian Gulf in southern Iran. The zoning maps produced by Arc GIS revealed a declining trend in the aquifer level and a drop in the groundwater level of 5.24 m over 20 years. The maps of the flow directions also indicated a general trend from the western highlands to the south and southeast regions of the plain. The Piper diagram showed that the predominant hydrochemical facies of the plain area is NaCl. Temporal changes analysis by the Mann-Kendall test revealed that EC, TDS, TH, Na, Mg, Ca, SO4, and Cl parameters have a rising trend in the majority of wells, which attributes to groundwater over-withdrawal, drought, excessive well drilling, and insufficient aquifer recharge. The study’s analysis of the temporal and spatial changes of the water quality index, Schoeller diagram, and Wilcox diagram revealed that the aquifer’s water quality is unsuitable for drinking and irrigation use due to its high salinity and sodium content. The findings underscore the urgency of adopting effective management strategies to ensure the sustainable management of groundwater resources in the region. •The studied aquifer is faced a drop in the groundwater level of 5.24 m.•The predominant hydrochemical facies of the plain area is NaCl.•Groundwater over-withdrawal causes a rising trend in most hydrochemical parameters.•The aquifer water quality is unsuitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.