Analysis on the supersonic gas jet submerged in liquid cross flow

Experimental studies of the influence of the liquid cross flow on the submerged gas jet with constant injection pressure have been presented in our former research (Dong et al., 2021). In the present study, the development of submerged gas jets with different initial injection pressures (0.7 MPa, 1.3 MPa and 2.0 MPa) subjected to liquid cross flow with varying velocities (0.35 m/s, 0.7 m/s, 1.0 m/s, 1.5 m/s, 2.0 m/s) were further experimentally and theoretically investigated to evaluate the effects of the cross flow velocity and initial injection pressure on the gas jet evolution and flow characteristics. Experimentally, the evolution and morphology of the gas jet with different initial injection pressures were captured by the full-scale experimental system designed in our former research. Theoretically, an analytical correlation was proposed to predict the penetration of gas jet in liquid cross flow, and the experimental results of the gas jet tip evolutions were compared with a modified vortex ball model. It turns out that the proposed correlations were able to predict the gas jet development accurately, including expansion angle, gas jet penetration length and gas jet tip evolution, which could provide convincing parameters assessment for the submerged gas jet in liquid cross flow. •The effects of the liquid cross flow and initial injection pressure on the gas jet development and characteristic parameters were analyzed systematically.•Analytical model was proposed to predict the supersonic gas jet penetration length in liquid cross flow.•The vortex ball model was modified to predict the gas jet tip evolution considering the gas jet entrainment and the effects from the liquid cross flow.