Natural dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs): An overview of extraction, characterization and performance

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as a promising technology for solar energy conversion due to their affordability and adaptability. Natural dyes derived from various botanical and fruit sources are gaining attention as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic counterparts in DSSCs. This comprehensive review offers insights into the extraction techniques, characterization methods and effectiveness of natural dyes as sensitizers in DSSCs. Moreover, it examines the variables impacting the efficiency of DSSCs using natural dyes and investigates strategies to enhance their overall performance. By presenting this comprehensive overview, the paper aims to underscore the viability of natural dyes for DSSCs, promoting continued exploration and advancement in this area of research.